Pakistan top’s as Tourist Destination Gujrāt

The Kashmir Issue

The word Kashmir was derived from the ancient Sanskrit language was referred to as Kasmira. A valley between the great Himalayan range and Pir Panjal mountain range, Kashmir is a place of beautiful simplicity and pristine natural beauty. Kashmir is painted with a unique culture that keeps you intrigued throughout the journey, from Srinagar to Somagar and Gulmarg to Pahalgam. Kashmir has a variety of terrains ranging from lakes, snow-capped mountains, and coniferous kissed hills to glaciers fed rivers. Kashmir is covered with wild untouched terrain and on others, there are fields of saffron and orchards of apples awaiting their full bloom. There are a variety of flowers, some people compare Kashmir with Switzerland.

The Kashmir issue is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan and China as the third-party role over the Kashmir region. The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the entire of the former princely state of Jammu Kashmir with Pakistan recognizing Chinese sovereignty over the Trans Karakoram tract and Aksai Chin since 1963. The region escalated into three wars between India, Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. India controls 55% of land area of the region that includes Jammu, Kashmir valley, most of Ladakh, the Siachen glacier and 70% of its population. Pakistan controls 30% of the area includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan while China controls the remaining 15% of the land area that includes the Aksai Chin region, the mostly uninhabited Tran-Karakoram track and Demchok sector.

Partition

From 1846 to 1947 partition of India Kashmir was ruled by Mahajras of Ghulab Singh Dogra dynasty as a princely state under the British Paramountcy. According to the 1941 census, the state’s population was 77 percent Muslims, 20 percent Hindus and 3% others Sikhs and Buddhist. The princely rule was an overwhelming a Hindu-dominated state. According to 1947 India Independence Act states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of princely state had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh. He decided to stay independent because he expected that the state’s Muslim will be unhappy with accession to India and the Hindus and Sikhs would become vulnerable if he joined Pakistan. Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of Kashmir to join Pakistan.

The Indo-Pakistan war 1948

Rebel forces from the western districts of the state and Pakistan Pakhtoon tribesmen made rapid advance into the Baramulla sector in the Kashmir valley, National conference volunteers worked with the Indian Army to drive out the raiders. The Pakistan army made available arms, ammunition and supplies to rebel forces who were dubbed the “Azad Army''. Pakistani army officers were conveniently on leave and the former officers of the Indian national Army were recruited to command the forces. In May 1948, Pakistan army officially entered the conflict to defend the Pakistan border .Prime Minister Liaquat Ali khan and to refer the dispute to The United Nations under the article of 35 of the UN charter, which allow the member states to bring Security Council attention way to endanger the maintenance of International peace. On 21 April 1948 UN Security Council passed resolution 47. The measure called for an immediate cease-fire and called on the Government of Pakistan to secure the withdrawal from the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Indo-Pakistan war 1965

On 1 September, Pakistan launched an attack across the Cease Fire Line, targeting Akhnoor in an effort to cut Indian communications into Kashmir. In response, India broadened the war by launching an attack on Pakistani Punjab across the international border. The war lasted until 23 September, ending in a stalemate. Following the Tashkent Agreement, both the sides withdrew to their pre-conflict positions, and agreed not to interfere in each other's internal affairs.

Simla Agreement

The Indo-Pakistan war of 1971 led to loss for Pakistan of a military and surrender in East Pakistan. Bangladesh was created as a separate state with India’s support and India emerged as a clear regional power in South Asia. Accordingly, the Simla Agreement was formulated and signed by the two countries whereby the countries resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations and to maintain the sanctity of line of control. It was decided that the negotiations will be made by both sides not by the UN.

The 1999 Kargil Conflict

In mid-1999 alleged instruments and Pakistani soldiers from Pakistan Kashmir infiltrated Jammu and Kashmir. During the winter season, Indian forces regularly move down to lower altitudes to serve climatic conditions makes it almost impossible for them to guard the high peaks near the line of control. This results in a large-scale conflict between India and Pakistan armies. Fears of Kargil turning into a nuclear war provoked the United States President Bill Clinton to pressure Pakistan to retreat. The Pakistan army withdraws their remaining troops from the area; ending the conflict India regains control of Kargil peaks.

21st Century developments

India continues to assert its sovereignty or rights over the entire region of Kashmir, while Pakistan maintains that it is disputed territory. Pakistan argues that the status cannot be considered as a solution and further insists on a UN sponsor Plebiscite. In 2005 General Musharraf sought to resolve the Kashmir issue through the Chenab Formula road map. The Chenab formula assigns Ladakh to India, Gilgit-Baltistan to Pakistan, proposes a plebiscite in the Kashmir valley and splits Jammu into two halves.

According to the government of India Home ministry 2008 was the year with the lowest civilian casualties in 20 years with 89 deaths compared to a high of 1413 in 1996. In 2009 protest started over the alleged rape and murder of two young women in Shopian in South Kashmir. Suspicion pointed towards the police as predators. A judicial inquiry by a retired high court official confirmed but a CBI inquiry reversed their conclusion. The 2010 Kashmir unrest was a series of protest in the Muslim majority Kashmir valley in Jammu and Kashmir which started in June 2010. The protest involved the “Quit Jammu And Kashmir Movement”.

The attack by four militants on an Indian army base on 18 September 2016 also known as the 2016 Uri attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers as well as the militants themselves. Although no one claimed the responsibility for the attack, the Indian authorities suspected the involvement of Jaish-e-Mohammad militant group. Indians blamed that Pakistan was involved, the Indian Motion Picture Producers Association decided to suspend work with Pakistan. The Pakistani government “denied any role in cross border terrorism and called on the United Nation and the International community to investigate atrocities it alleged have been committed by security forces in an Indian ruled Kashmir.

Article 370 India gaining control over Kashmir

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, it is the region located in the northern part of Indian Subcontinent. From 1954 to 2019 India administered a large region of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan and China since 1947. On 5 August 2019, the government of India issued a constitutional order superseding the 1954 order, and making all provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir based on the resolution passed in both houses of India’s parliament with 2/3 majority. After this the people in Kashmir started protesting in response to stop this large scale protest the Indian government imposed lockdown till now it has been 11 months to the lockdown. During lockdown more than thousands of people have lost their lives and women are brutally raped. Recently the Indian soldiers in front of a three year old boy killed his grandfather.

Pakistan View

Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the "jugular vein of Pakistan" and a currently disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir. Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir, namely the Instrument of Accession. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris. Pakistan maintains that the Maharaja used brute force to suppress the population.

Pakistan claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the Standstill Agreement, which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir (although India was not signatory to the Agreement, which was signed between Pakistan and the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir).

India View

India has officially stated that it believes Kashmir to be an integral part of India, though the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, stated after the 2010 Kashmir Unrest that his government was willing to grant autonomy to the region within the purview of Indian constitution if there was consensus among political parties on this issue.

Written by

Abdul Moeez Mirza

The Current situation of Pakistan

Corona virus(Covid-19)

The corona virus pandemic has caused huge destruction worldwide more than a million of people has lost their lives and the virus has also made a worst impact on the economy. When the virus started spreading the Pakistani government had started taking steps at the airports such as thermal scanning. The first case of corona virus was reported on 26 February, the patient had a recent travel history from Iran. On 13 of March in a meeting it was decided to close all the educational institutes, banquet halls and a ban was imposed on all kinds of functional gatherings . On 18 March cases were reported in all the provinces of Pakistan. On 24 of March Sindh and Balochistan provincial government imposed lockdown in there provinces. The nationwide lockdown was declare on 1 April by the order of the PM Imran Khan. The federal government had predicted that if people didn't follow the precautionary measures the cases will reach 50,000 by the end of May but it reached 13,000. As Pakistan's one-fourth population consist of daily wagers so it seems difficult to keep the lockdown for long time so the lockdown was lifted on 9 May. After this decision, the corona virus grew rapidly in Pakistan people violated the strict SOPs which were provided by the government and all the shopping malls and bazaars were open due to Eid-ul-Fitr. On Eid people met each other and didn't follow the precautionary measures so by the 8 of June corona virus cases in Pakistan crossed "one hundred thousand". The corona virus cases grew day by day as the situation seemed uncontrollable so on 18 June PM Imran Khan announced that there will be smart lockdown in all Pakistan and those areas which are highly affected will be completely lockdown. The strategy of smart lockdown has produced positive results there has been a shortage in the number of cases and deaths till now there are two hundred and twenty-eight thousands confirmed cases in Pakistan and more than forty-seven hundred people have lost their lives. Not only the government should play its role it is the duty of every single citizen to play its own role by following the strict SOPs.

Political disputes in PTI(Pakistan-Tehreek-Insaaf)

In August 2020 the 2 years of PTI will be completed. From the very start PM Imran Khan had been making changes in his cabinet. In a recent interview Fawad Chaudhry said that there had been "internal fighting" between Jehangir Tareem, Shah Mahmood Qureshi and Asad Umar ever since PTI came into the office and has weaken the party, the political class got ruled out and the space was filled by bureaucrats those who did not belong to the party, through this PM Imran Khan was unable to deliver as he wished too. Fawad Chaudhry said that Imran khan is the symbolic reason due to which all party members are united, according to him the one who gave the idea to PM Imran khan to choose inexperienced people in his team has weaken Imran khan's team.

After Fawad Chaudhrys' interview in the next cabinet meeting both ministers Asad Umar and Shah Mahmood Qureshi asked for the explanation of the statements which were against them. In the response one of the minster Faisal Vawda said that a minister is not allowed to give any explanation to any other minster, we are only allowed to give the explanation to the Prime Minster. Faisal Vawda also said to PM Imran Khan that some of your team members are planning against you. In response PM Imran Khan said that I'm aware of those who are planning against me.

Asad Umar and Shah Mahmood Qureshi are those who are close to PM Imran Khan and those who have forced Imran khan to start the inquiry of Sugar Scandal against Jehangir Tareem to end his influence in PTI. As Jehangir Tareem can no longer can be any minister but he still give his view on decision.

Parvez Khattak currently the defense minister of Pakistan was previously the Chief Minister of KPK, he made many new policies which produced good results and in the next election PTI gain more votes than the previous election in the province. There had been some misunderstandings between Imran Khan and Parvez Khattak due to which Parvez Khattak was not able to become the CM of KPK once again. He is given importance only when negotiations are to be made with opposition.

It all depends upon the Prime minister that how he works with his cabinet. The downfall of any government do not come due to the mistakes of the ministers but it comes due to the wrong decisions taken by the Prime Minister.

PIA Crisis

The PIA Airbus A-320 aircraft, with 99 people on board, crashed in the model colony near Jinnah International Airport in Karachi on May 22 , killing 97 people. Two passengers miraculously survived.

The Senate Committee has recommended that the FIA office in Lahore should examine if the engineering branch of the PIA at Lahore was being maintained as per the given international standards and how many times the small components of the aircraft involved in the accident had been made/repaired from local companies/workshops.

The Committee said it was felt that the maintenance system of aircraft had been deteriorating day by day and becoming irresponsible which was visibly noted over the past few tragic incidents.

"All aircraft of PIA should be retested, overhauled and the maintenance must be done by PIA and the certificates with responsibility be given before bringing the aircraft on the runway to avoid such incidents in future, following internationally acknowledged air safety rules to make Pakistani airspace safest for flying," it said.

Recently the minister of aviation revealed that 282 out of 800 pilots are having fake license. This controversy gain a global attention after the federal minster for aviation Ghulam Sarwar Kahn IN the national assembly declared that 150 pilots are having fake license. The European Aviation safety strategy(ESSA) has ban PIA flights landing in Europe for 6 months. In the recent press conference the ministered cleared that 28 pilots are carrying fake license

However these crisis can be successful for Pakistan as from now onwards the well trained pilots will be flying the planes.

Written by: Abdul Moeez Mirza.

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TURKEY’S RESPONSE TO COVID-19

A successful approach to control the pandemic

As we all know, coronavirus is an infectious disease that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), being contagious the disease spread like bushfire and spreaded worldwide from its point of origin that is Wuhan, the Capital of China’s Hubei Province. Till date it has affected 213 countries and territories around the World. Till now the pandemic has affected more than 8 million people and among them there are more than 4.5 lac deaths. According to worldometer stats almost 50% of the affected individuals have been recovered worldwide while among those who still are suffering from the infection almost 98% cases are mild and only 2 percent cases are fetal. The most common symptoms experienced are fever, cough, loss of sense of smell (asomia) and taste, muscle and joint pain and gastrointestinal discomfort. In some cases pneumonia, multi-organ failure, chest tightness, heart inflammation and palpitations. Although majority of the persons are asymptomatic. The virus spreaded worldwide and Italy became the gateway for the virus to enter Asia. From China, the virus spreaded worldwide within no time but Turkey as one of the major economies of the world, became the last major economy to suffer from this pandemic. In Turkey, first case of the novel coronavirus was reported on March 11th, 2020 however Turkey suffered first fatality from the virus on 17th March, 2020. Within a week, Turkish President announced 15.4bn dollars package to help protect their economy to be destroyed by the pandemic. Furthermore their government took various protective measures to protect their nation from the pandemic, such as the distribution of protective masks and cologne to citizens above 65 years of age. Furthermore, Flights whether national or international were suspended, traveling between the cities was suspended, public gatherings were banned and schools and shops were closed. Inspite of all the preventive measure, disease being highly contagious spreaded almost all over Turkey as well but the progression rate was very well controlled by the government. Population of Turkey is about 82 million people, among them only approximately 2 lac people are infected and out of them 85 percent people have completely recovered from the disease. Death ratio in comparison to the cases is almost 0.02 percent. Like other countries of the world, in prevention Turkey also imposed a 48 hour curfew in the major cities affected (Istanbul; the heart of Turkey, Izmir and Ankara) with the virus.

Inspite of preventive the measures, within weeks Turkey surpassed China as the republic with most number of cases affected with the pandemic outside Europe and United Stated of America. Again the surge in cases was accounted by the sudden imposition of curfew on weekend that left masses in panic buying necessities for them all over the country. Avoiding the full scale lockdown and merely focusing on weekend curfews as decided on a call between the Presidents of U.S. and Turkey, allowed infection cases to multiply inspite of being reducing. This left the Turkish economy in fragile condition on shaky grounds, and Turkish currency hit a historic low value of 6.95 lira to the U.S. dollar. Thus, the country of 82 million people was suffering from the worst economic crises because of the avoidance of a full scale lock down, which was a very much needed step to support the shattering economy. On Monday, following a 48 hour lockdown of major cities, Can Selcuki, the managing director of Istanbul Economics and Research told CNBC that;

“There will be hard times ahead, because Turkey was already at a macro-economically vulnerable position before the coronavirus hit.” he said, most non-essential businesses had closed and tourism had evaporated. “Unemployment in January was already 14% and it will probably increase greatly due to the foreclosures because of the coronavirus.” The MD also self-isolated himself.

Since the beginning of April 2020, Turkey began registering more than 3000 new cases of coronavirus per day. Turkey than became country with the ninth highest number of corona cases globally. After a month i.e. at the end of April, according to the reports Turkey started recovering from the pandemic. The daily coronavirus fatalities dropped for six straight days and the same was with the number of intubated and intensive care unit patients, they also continued to decline. Since then Turkey began to normalize after two months of lockdown with stepped-up safety and hygiene measures in place for containing the new coronavirus. Turkey started providing aid to the world i.e. countries like as U.K. and U.S. After Trump mentioned that U.S car companies are producing ventilators but they are lacking a part which is crucial for manufacturing of those devices, Trump sought Turkey’s support. Turkey produced thousands of ventilators, face masks, gowns and other protective materials for U.S. in the mid of May.

Turkey is among the very few countries of the worlds who acted swiftly to control the pandemic. And the response proved much successful. Nevertheless such a befitting response would never have been possible if the government had not taken such preventive measures and of course the support of masses was crucial. In such circumstances timely imposition of lockdown and informing the public timely and strictly reinforcing the preventive measures was the most important critical step to strategically control the pandemic. So, Turkey’s response to the pandemic was a successful one.

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